Post publication handling

The journal follows a transparent and rigorous process for handling cases requiring corrections, retractions, and editorial expressions of concern to maintain the integrity of the scientific record. If errors are identified post-publication, the editorial team will assess their impact and determine the appropriate course of action.

Corrections are issued for minor errors that do not affect the study’s validity, while retractions are considered for serious issues such as data fabrication, plagiarism, or ethical violations. In cases of uncertainty or ongoing investigations, an editorial expression of concern may be published to alert readers. All such decisions follow COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) guidelines and are made in consultation with authors, reviewers, and relevant institutions when necessary.